That's news to me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

That is a surprising bit of information to me - Essay Example Now and again, it feels bizarre to be a piece of some stage where anyone can share anything whenever which can be affirmed of or objected to by anyone. One way innovation impacts how I get data is that news is not any more trustworthy to me than speculations in light of the fact that both can be correct or wrong. One way innovation impacts how I send data is that it causes me to be my very own pundit work before sharing since I am mindful that individuals in the online world know me by what I share. Present day innovation has changed my impression of news communicate over the prevailing press. Previously, when I was a kid, and the world was not exactly as impacted by the Internet as it happens to be today, I used to think everything appeared or discussed in the TV news. As I grew up, utilized the web, and began to acknowledge through blog entries and online conversation shapes that news are chosen and changed by different TV stations so that their own advantages are served, the belie vability and dependability of data recovered from the predominant press news has been diminished for me. ... ortant, and I have no uncertainty in it in light of the fact that even I utilize the Internet to get news more than I utilize the TV, at that point I accept that a wide range of news are exceptionally emotional. Present day innovation has made me increasingly basic about what I share with the world. In the genuine or physical world, I do a great deal of jokes and easygoing chatting with individuals since I realize that the individuals I converse with know me in any case. Regardless of whether I am stating moronic jokes, I am sure that my companions would acknowledge them since they comprehend what kind of an individual I am. Then again, when I am utilizing the Internet to share any data, be that my status on long range interpersonal communication site, or a photograph I have as of late taken of myself, I take as much time as is needed to think whether it is the correct status or photograph to share. This is on the grounds that I comprehend and consent to the way that â€Å"as comput erized media keeps on developing, it will be today’s youth who’ll reshape the future substance and conveying of news and information† (Garland refered to in Lancaster). Numerous multiple times, I select a few people from my friends’ rundown to prevent my status or photograph to be imparted to them in light of individual reasons or my absence of trust in those companions. I am not all that cognizant and basic in what I express or offer in my regular day to day existence in any case. Closing, Internet has had a significant impact in my methodology toward getting and sharing data. Under this impact, I have lost trust in news however have gotten progressively basic about what I share with the world. I can't control others yet I can control myself. So I will in general be entirely dependable, chivalrous, and discerning while at the same time remarking upon a post or a video or even while composing and sharing a blog over the Internet. I need to be a wellspring of help and great direction for other people, which is the thing that causes me to scrutinize my own work that

Discover the Real You With Quotes About Me

Find the Real You With Quotes About Me Find your shrouded ability. Statements about me help you to open your latent capacity. In the event that you have overlooked your internal quality, the time has come to recapture your wonder. Ask yourself, Who is the genuine me? At the point when you read these rousing statements about me, you will discover your feet. Marilyn Monroe I have sentiments as well. I am as yet human. All I need is to be cherished, for myself and for my ability. Maya Angelou I long, as does each individual, to be at home any place I get myself. Imprint Twain I dont like to submit myself about paradise and hellfire you see, I have companions in the two spots. George Carlin The explanation I converse with myself is that Im the one in particular whose answers I acknowledge. Marilyn Monroe I reestablish myself when Im alone. Maya Angelou My life has been one extraordinary huge joke, a move that is strolled a melody that is spoke, I giggle so hard I nearly stifle when I consider myself. Thomas Jefferson I don't take a solitary paper, nor read one every month, and I feel myself endlessly the more joyful for it. Walt Whitman Do I repudiate myself? Great, at that point I repudiate myself, I am enormous, I contain hoards. Epictetus God has depended me with myself. Robert Frost Funniness is the most captivating weakness. With it myself I have had the option to hold a portion of my foe in play out of sight gunfire. Johann von Goethe All the information I have every other person can gain, yet my heart is all my own. Confucius What's more, recall, regardless of where you go, there you are. Julius Charles Hare Be what you are. This is the initial move toward getting better than you are. Dr. Seuss Be what your identity is and state what you feel, on the grounds that the individuals who mind dont matter and the individuals who matter dont mind. H. F. Support Each man is his own progenitor and each man his own beneficiary. He devises his own future, and he acquires his own past. Robert Frost Opportunity lies in being strong. Pearl Bailey I never truly search for anything. What God tosses my direction comes. I get up in the first part of the day and however God turns my feet, I go. Robin Casarjean Set aside the effort to get back home to yourself consistently. Frederick Perls I do my thing and you do yours. I am not in this world to satisfy your hopes, and you are not in this world to satisfy mine. You will be you and I am I, and in the event that by chance we locate one another, at that point it is wonderful. If not, it cannot be made a difference. Virginia Satir I own me, and in this way, I can design me. I am me, and I am alright. Rene Descartes I think; in this way I am.

10 Ways Millennials are Turning Hobbies into Successful Businesses

10 Ways Millennials are Turning Hobbies into Successful Businesses Millennials have turned hobbies upside down.Unlike previous generations that only engaged in their hobbies as a way of having fun or passing time, millennials have found ways to get paid doing what they love by turning their hobbies into successful businesses.Activities that were solely done for fun have been transformed into income generating activities.Love riding your bike? Why not join Uber Eats and do deliveries while you ride? Love having in-depth conversations with friends about quirky topics? Why not start a podcast and monetize it? Love making things with your hands â€" origami, for instance, or carpentry?You can do monetized YouTube tutorials, and make money while at it. Love playing an instrument?Well, you can become an online coach and make money teaching others how to play the same instrument, or you could do local gigs like parties and get paid. Love planning and throwing parties?That’s a business right there!In short, millennials are turning almost anything that was previously done for fun into a business.This has been aided in great part by the internet, which revolutionized the concept of work.The rise of platforms like Instagram, WordPress, You Tube, Medium, and Facebook has brought seemingly limitless opportunity, and millennials are taking advantage.Below are 10 ways millennials are turning their hobbies into successful businesses.1. GAMING This one must sound totally outrageous, but I’m not kidding you. Millennials are doing it and making real money from it.As strange as it sounds, it is possible to earn from your passion for playing video games.A good example of a millennial making money from video games is PewDiePie. Born in 1989, his real name is Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg. In 2011, Kjellberg dropped out of university and waded into the world of content creation through his YouTube channel.His following grew quickly and by June the next year, PewDiePie’s YouTube channel had garnered over one million subscribers. By August 2013, PewD iePie’s channel was the most-subscribed channel on YouTube.Between December 2014 and February 2017, it was the most-viewed channel. Counting up to April 2019, the channel’s subscribers have surpassed 96 million, with 21 billion views.While PewDiePie also makes vlogs and comedic shows on You Tube, he is most noted for his Let’s Play video game commentaries. Let’s Play is a video format which documents a video game as you play it.Unlike a video game walkthrough or a strategy guide, a Let’s Play video focuses on the gamer’s subjective experience of the game. The video typically includes the gamer’s commentary and camera view of his/her face.The Let’s Play gamer is typically humorous, irreverent, or even critical as opposed to providing objective information on how to play the game. For instance, PewDiePie’s commentary is noted for its genuine, unfiltered nature.Some have criticized it for being abrasive. Kjellberg is so popular that when he plays indie games on his ch annel, their sales rise significantly â€" the “Oprah effect”.In 2016, he was named by Times Magazine as one of “The World’s 100 Most Influential People”.So, how much can someone really make from vlogging about video games? While Kjellberg does not like to talk about how much money he makes, in June 2014 the Wall Street Journal estimated that he made $4 million in 2013. Kjellberg later admitted on Reddit that the figures were close to what he actually earned.In 2015, he was featured at the top of Forbes’s list of the richest You Tube stars, with a reported $12 million earned that year.The next year, with $15 million annual income, Forbes named him the highest-earning You Tuber. In 2017, his earnings dropped to $12 million.There is more than one way to make money from YouTube gaming videos. The most obvious one is ads. Advertising has gone online, as this is where most people spend their time. That’s why many videos on You Tube are preceded by an ad.The second way is spo nsored videos. If your channel attracts enough views, advertisers will come to you with offers.In the case of gaming, a video game company will pay you to play their game on one of your videos and give a review of the game.Sponsored videos will earn you more money than regular ads. YouTube Premium (a paid subscription program which provides ad-free content for users who are willing to pay a certain monthly rate) is another way to make money on You Tube.Aside from making YouTube videos about video games, some millennials also make money from their passion for video games by engaging in e-sports competitions.You can think of it as ordinary sports like basketball or soccer, only that this time, the players are competing virtually.There are teams, and players can even be transferred as happens in the NBA or Premier League. Want to hear something even more surprising? The players are actually paid salaries, which can go as high as $300,000 or more?Yes. While some may view your passion fo r video games or YouTube as a waste of time, if you make the right moves, you can turn it into a business.How I wish my dad had allowed me to play video games more often!2. PODCASTINGDo you have something burning to say, an interesting point of view? Do you like sitting around talking with friends or colleagues about issues that are important to you?If this sounds anything like you, you might want to consider podcasting.Podcasting is like radio, but without the stifling corporate structures. It is basically the democratization of radio. It’s like having a blog that operates using digital audio technology.Podcasting, just like blogging, gives you the freedom to express your authentic self.Podcasts were first popular among techies, but over time the general public embraced them, and today they cover all sorts of topics: music, philosophy, politics, international relations, sports, art and literature, celebrity gossip, and so on.As with most platforms that give you a voice, the best way to stand out as a podcaster is to zero in on a niche that appeals to you or in which you are an expert.People are more likely to consult your podcast when looking for information or entertainment on a specific topic if they know that’s your area of specialization than if you have a finger in every pie.Podcasts mainly make money through advertising and sponsorship. Podcast advertising involves the podcaster introducing a product to the listeners and giving them a discount code.Given the popularity of podcasts, brands are willing to sponsor entire episodes or podcast series.Another income stream for podcasters is through the membership/subscription models.This is where the podcaster charges the listeners for early access to content, exclusive extra episodes, and ad-free content. Podcasters also earn through donations from listeners through websites like Kickstarter and Patreon.Podcasts are largely mainstream now and some podcasters opt to do live events, even going on tour, like bands or live comedians.They host live events and people pay for tickets, merchandise, and “behind the scenes” access.If giving your opinion is something that appeals to you, do start a podcast â€" but first, figure out what your area of specialization is going to be.If you are a millennial who wants to start a business and is considering podcasting, check out The Millennial Entrepreneur podcast to get some ideas.3. TRAVELMost people would love to travel, but majority of them are not able to due to various reasons â€" work obligations, family, money, you name it.What if I told you that you could live your dream of traveling the world, and make money while at it? Sound like a dream?Well, there are several millennials who have turned their passion for travel into a business.So, how do they do it?The easiest way of making money from your passion for travel is to start a blog.If you aren’t a good writer already, work on that â€" or look for someone who will edit your writing into something coherent and fun to read.Since everyone dreams of travelling, those of us who are unable to do so will indulge this desire by vicariously enjoying the experiences you write about on your blog.Travel blogs also function as travel guides.Anyone who wants to go to Bali, for instance, will check out what their favorite travel blogger has to say about the place.Travel bloggers tell us about the foods to try, phrases to memorize, places to visit, and warn us of things we might do or say that will cause friction or misunderstanding due to cultural differences.One of the best things about being a travel blogger is that you don’t even have to have a website. You could actually be a successful travel blogger on Instagram like Chris Burkard, curating beautiful pictures of the places you visit.You could also be a vlogger, doing videos from your travels.There are different ways to approach this. The only thing constant is that you must travel a lot and document your adventures. Wher e or how you document them does not really matter.Once you have established yourself as a trusted travel brand, find ways to monetize this passion. Ads and sponsored posts go without saying.You can also forge business partnerships with hotels, airports, tour companies, tourism ministries in foreign countries, and so on.If you get your name out there, brands will want to work with you. In other words, be so interesting, compelling, and relatable that brands start to approach you as an influencer.You can also write a bestselling book about your adventures, the wisdom you have gleaned from years of travelling, different cuisines and recipes from around the world, and so on.The monetization options are endless.Before you become a trusted brand, however, you will have to travel on your own money.You can save prior to starting, or find ways to make an income while you travel.If you have an extra skill that can make you money during your travels, that will come in handy â€" for instance, b eing a freelance writer or graphics designer.4. SELL CRAFTS ONLINEDoes your hobby involve making things with your hands? If you love making pottery, jewelry, pieces of art, and so on, you can monetize your passion by selling your creations online.Think about it. If you set up a booth at your local art fair, or even a little shop in your neighborhood, how many people do you have access to? Not that many.On the internet, however, you can sell your creations to the whole world. If you market yourself properly online, there is really no limit to the market you can tap into.The only limit is your ability to create a trusted brand and attract as many followers as possible.It’s important that you have your own website, as this gives you credibility.It also enables interested buyers to check out your entire catalogue in a single online space, with no competition for their attention with other sellers.Add a blog to the website and write informative articles about your craft. Don’t just s ell. Provide back knowledge.The more knowledge you give, the more people will look at you as an authority and trusted source. People who want to learn about making crafts will come to your blog and form a community around you.Meanwhile, as the blog attracts traffic, find creative, non-intrusive ways to monetize it.For instance, you could try affiliate marketing, where you direct your site’s visitors to products on Amazon that they need for making crafts. Brands that make such products can also approach you for partnerships.If you are not ready to build a website, you can instead create a following on social media, particularly on Instagram, where you can post beautiful images of your work in different states of creation.You can check out Jesiii’s Instagram for inspiration. You could also sell your creations on Etsy.5. BECOME AN INSTAGRAM INFLUENCERWho would have thought that one day people would make millions just to post pictures online?If you love taking and posting photos, ho wever, that can easily become your full time job. Instagram is the king of social.Everyone who is cool and everyone who wants to be cool are all on the gram. This makes the Facebook-owned site the perfect medium for brands to reach their customers.The problem is that most brands aren’t cool â€" not unless they are Apple, Nike, Coca Cola, a luxury vehicle, or a high-end champagne brand.No one wants to follow a brand that makes wheelbarrows. No one cares about a makeup brand that isn’t Chanel, Laura Mercier, L’Oreal, or any of the other top, high-end brands.As an Instagram influencer, you give brands a voice on a platform that prioritizes the “cool factor” above all else.If you are cool, brands will want to associate with you, hoping some of your cool will brush off on them.The first thing to do, of course, is to make a name for yourself. Become famous and gather a large following.The more followers you have, the more leverage you have and the more you can earn.Find a topic or niche or just anything that makes you stand out in a sea of interesting people. If you are a model, post pictures of yourself in good-looking clothes (partner with local stores, fashion designers, or stylists so you don’t have to buy your own clothes). If you are a poet, post your poetry.That’s how people like Huda Kattan earn a rich living. Huda is one of the most influential beauty bloggers in the world, with over 35.7 million followers.Once you get the followers and become an Instagram celebrity, there is no limit to how much you can earn. You can sell anything and your followers will buy it.Write a book, create an app… they will buy, so long as your provide value.6. COACHINGIf there is something you love doing and can do better than the average person, you can also turn that into a business by teaching people how to do it as well as you do.I’m literally talking about just anything â€" dressing fashionably, talking to the opposite gender, working out, dating, building confidence, or anything else. I have even seen people make money by teaching others how to kiss.Yeah, imagine that. If you can do something better than others, you have a business idea right there. At the moment, the coaching industry in the United States is worth over $1 billion.Yes, you heard me right. And you can easily coach your customers over the internet, without even having to leave your house.As with most businesses nowadays, your brand is your main source of customers. Create an online presence for yourself on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, You Tube, Medium, a personal blog, or wherever your target audience is.Curate unique posts and quotes around your area of specialization.Come up with unique insights on how to solve problems people are dealing with in your area of specialization.People will be willing to pay you handsomely if you show that you can improve their lives.7. ONLINE RESEARCHWhat if your hobby is exploring the internet? Are you the sort of person who goes onlin e to search the correct spelling of Singapore and two hours later you know all about Singapore’s history, including the fact that there was once a time when long hair was illegal in the country, and bands like Led Zeppelin couldn’t go on tour to Singapore?If you recognize yourself in that sentence, you might want to leverage this genuinely impressive skill to make yourself some money.Your clients will include companies, authors, bloggers, students, and a variety of professionals who want certain information they don’t know how to find or don’t have the time to trawl through.You can get easily online research jobs through websites such as AskWonder. To cement your reputation, you should create your own freelancer website which contains your portfolio.Ideally, you should eventually have your own network of direct clients who you communicate with directly via email or Skype, rather than relying on freelancer websites.8. SOCIAL MEDIA MANAGEMENTDo people tell you that you spend t oo much time online, that you should go out more often, or that you post pictures of your food a little too often? Are you crazy about everything social media? Are you one of the cool kids who understand what is in and what is out before everyone figures it out? Do you often communicate in memes, gifs, and emojis instead of words?If that sounds like you, you can actually make a living from this passion for social media.The world is filled with brands and people who either don’t understand social media or don’t have the time to. That’s where you come in.Approach the brands and position yourself as someone who can help them reach out to a younger audience.Unlike influencers, you will be anonymous, working behind the scenes, handling the brand’s social media accounts, bleeding your innate coolness and social media savvy into the brand’s core message.Naturally, you can’t promise anything if your own social media accounts have only a handful of followers.You must therefore be gin by investing real time and effort to spice up your own social media accounts and attract a huge following â€" when starting out, your accounts are basically your portfolio.You can check out this article to learn more about the traits and skills you need to succeed as a social media manager.9. AFFILIATE MARKETING NICHE BLOGSTake your favorite topic, something you are really passionate about and create a blog that caters to the niche market related to that topic.For instance, if you like reading, create a niche blog where you review books and give book recommendations.You can then turn your blog into a business by putting up affiliate links.These are links which direct traffic from your website to sites where the products you are reviewing on your blog are on sale. Every time someone clicks on a link and actually buys something, you get a commission.When it comes to affiliate marketing, it is good to note that some niches are more profitable than others.Profitability of niches is determined by the number of people doing searches of the keywords related to that niche on Google and other search engines.However, the quality of the searches is important. For instance, many people may search for quotes, but they won’t buy quotes.Instead, you should focus on a niche where people are willing to spend their money. You can learn more about choosing profitable niches for affiliate marketing here.To succeed as an affiliate marketer, you must also be excellent at search engine optimization (SEO). If you are good at SEO, you will be able to draw more traffic to your blog, which you can then turn into buyers.10. REVIEWING YOUR FAVORITE THINGSWe started with an unconventional business â€" gaming â€" and we will close with another unconventional business idea. It’s an idea so simple that even a kid can do it.Don’t believe me?Check out this kid who makes millions reviewing toys on YouTube.Just like Ryan (the millionaire kid above), you can also build a business out of reviewing stuff you like.This could be anything â€" cars, bikes, computers, headphones, gaming consoles, or anything else you are passionate about.You need to get your hands on whatever you are reviewing and talk about it in an interesting or informative way.People can then decide whether they really want to buy these products by watching your reviews.Reviewers make money from ads and sponsored posts. The key to success as a reviewer is identifying a niche and sticking to it.For instance, if you like cell phones, be the go-to reviewer that people come to when they want to check out the latest iPhone. If your niche is gaming consoles, stick to that.Once your brand is secure, manufacturers and brands will start seeking you out and asking you to review their products.At this point, you will have enough leverage to negotiate lucrative compensation.WRAPPING UPAs you have seen, there is no shortage of opportunities.If you have something you enjoy doing, all you need to do is find a way to turn it into a business and start making crazy amounts of money doing something you love.However, it is good to note that once you turn your hobby into a business, you won’t be doing it for leisure any more.There will be client orders to meet, marketing, financial goals, and so on, and these will require lots of hard work if you want it to grow into a successful business.

The American And Mexican American Organizations - 1548 Words

All racial groups have been discriminated against in one form or another, but an extreme example of this is with the Mexican and Mexican American citizens in the United States of America. This group of people have seen almost every form of discrimination to not being allowed in schools, to not being appointed fair and civil court cases. In order to stop the unequal treatment the Mexican American population formed LULAC, the League of United Latin American Citizens. LULAC has worked throughout the years to stop discrimination against their people. They have used many tactics and had many well educated people represent them. These tactics are vital and without them the group would cease to make any progress or even exist. February 27, 1929 is the day three Mexican-American organizations came together as one mighty group, in task with eliminating latino discrimination. The first and oldest of these groups was the The Knights of America of San Antonio, they mostly consisted of middle class Mexican-American businessmen and mainly focused on educating their members about their rights as American citizens. The next oldest group that partook in this merge was The Sons of America of Corpus Christi which was founded by 37 men in 1921. The Sons of America’s main goal was to â€Å"influence in all fields of social, economic, and political action in order to realize the greatest enjoyment possible of all the rights and privileges and prerogatives extended by the American Constitution†Show MoreRelatedLa Raza Unida Party And Brown Beret Recruitment Literature863 Words   |  4 Pagescentury, Los Angeles emerged as a place of multiculturalist struggles. One of these struggles, was that of the Mexican population, which is what the book Mi Raza Primero focuses on. In Mi Raza Primero by Ernesto Chavez, Chavez successfully argues how the collapse of the Chicano movement resulted from the failure to identify the multi-faceted and dynamic/heterogeneous nature of the ethnic Mexican community. He argues how this failure resulted in a movement that shared a strong sense of cultural nationalismRead MoreThe Chicano Movement During The 1960s1261 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement during the 1960s in San Antonio, Texas. Montejano wrote this book to inform readers of the events that happened within the Chicano community. San Antonio was mostly populated by Mexican-Americans in the 1960s, but was generally governed by Anglos. Anglos-Saxons did nothing to meet the needs of Mexican- Americans living in the West and South sides of San Antonio which were historically the lower income parts of town with the majority of people taking residence in that part of town also being ofRead More The Chicano Mo vement: Struggles, Goals, and Accomplishments Essay examples1537 Words   |  7 PagesIn American history, civil rights movements have played a major role for many ethnics in the United States and have shape American society to what it is today. The impact of civil rights movements is tremendous and to an extent, they accomplish the objectives that the groups of people set out to achieve. The Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, more commonly known as the Chicano Movement or El Movimiento, was one of the many movements in the United States that set out to obtain equality for Mexican-AmericansRead MoreOverview of the Chicano Movement691 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Resurgence The re-definition of the term Chicano came about during the 1960s due to the efforts of many young Mexican and Mexican-American students who infused a sense of social, artistic, political and educational pride in themselves and in their culture. These people were able to take this particular term and redefine it to their own liking as a symbol of pride and solidarity. To that end, there were many different impetuses that helped to spawn what has been called the Chicano movement. InitiallyRead MoreThe Chicano Movement Of The United States987 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the late sixties and early seventies, a Mexican - American movement was taking place in the United States, The Chicano movement. This movement takes place because of the Mexican American society s suppression in the country. Indeed, during the years, 1966 to 1981 was a period where the Mexican American society was looking for equality and justice from the Government of the United States. In fact, they will start to org anize their own communities, where the Government will accept their newRead MoreAnalysis Of Quixote s Soldiers By Cesar Chavez Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesSoldiers is a group of Mexican- American men and women in protest formation. They carry with them signs that say â€Å"Justice for La Raza,† â€Å"Ando sangrando igual que tu,† and â€Å"Cops out of our communities!† David Montejano argues that Mexican- American reform groups are often left out of the Civil Rights Movement taught in a classroom. San Antonio was the birthplace of the Chicano movement. Here, various organizations were formed to encourage the government to increase Mexican- Americans opportunities in theRead MoreEssay The Chicano View on Mexican Immigration1048 Words   |  5 Pages During the 1970’s, Mexican Americans were involved in a large social movement called the Chicano movement. Corresponding with the great development of the black civil rights movement, Mexican Americans b egan to take part in a series of different social protests in which they demanded equal rights for themselves. Composed mainly of Mexican American students and youth, these activists focused on maintaining a pride for their culture as well as their ethnicity to fuel their political campaign.Read MoreCesar Chavez Rhetorical Analysis1248 Words   |  5 PagesMexican-Americans and the Church: Rhetorical Analysis of Cesar Chavez Speech About 85% of churches are not fully active with their community. Statics have gotten higher throughout the years, about 40 years ago Mexicans were being treated unfairly due to poor working conditions. This unbarring situation led a fellow leader, Cesar Chavez to step up and build a firm foundation to lead his organization to success. He was the leader of the Mexican-American Community in Delano, Ca. Cesar went throughRead MoreDrug Cartels And The United States1688 Words   |  7 Pagesopenings along the U.S- Mexican Border. There are nine important crossings, such as Tijuana-San Diego, Mexicali, and Ciudad Juarez-El Paso. From Texas to Southern California, these drugs are handed out throughout the United States via partner organizations. Some of which are lead directly to Mexican Drug Cartels. The United States should continue to be in the involvement with Mexico’s ongoing drug war because it directly affects them. There are seven main drug trading organizations: Sinaloa, Tijuana,Read MoreThe Mexican American Battle For Civil Rights1510 Words   |  7 PagesDuarte Professor Ramirez Government 2306 November 20, 2015 Chicano Rights The Mexican American battle for civil rights has been long and difficult but alas necessary. Can you imagine living in a prejudice environment and as consequence not being able to exercise your rights as a citizen? The past notion of minorities not having the same rights as the anglo majorities is simply absurd. The injustice that Mexican Americans have experienced in the past is undeniably discriminatory. Justice and reasoning

Analysis Of The Smithsonians National Museum Of American...

Interestingly, the exhibition did try to showcase ethnic immigrant groups however, used stereotypical depictions of traditional objects (Watkins). Moreover, â€Å"the exhibit also attempted to address the thorny issues of slavery and racism, and displayed drawings of slave ships and shackles† (Burns 113). Other than drawings there were no other methods of interpretation used to depict such a complex topic. In not displaying â€Å"the crude physicality of actual artifacts, or even replicas, Smithsonian curators avoided possible confrontation and accentuated themes and history believed to unite all immigrant groups, regardless of origin or circumstance† (Burns 113). A Nation of Nations could have pushed more at the boundaries of what was considered†¦show more content†¦The exhibition curators attempted to create an exhibition that went further than display of historical artifacts to tell a story of the past to make it relatable to visitors today as â€Å"conside ring objects, images, and first-person accounts of a variety of people across time can cultivate our narrative imaginations and help us better understand our diverse nation† (Salazar-Porzio and Troyano 20). The exhibition highlights topics such as ethnic diversity, equality, and freedom, â€Å"so that as a nation we might go beyond simple acknowledgement of our past, present, and future diversity to focus on building an equitable and inclusive society† (Salazar-Porzio and Troyano 16). The exhibition begins by displaying objects from some of the first groups to immigrate to the United States and continues with broad themes of more contemporary issues regarding immigration today. The show progresses chronologically, but also organizes groups by geography. The assortment of type of objects included in each display section tells a story about the history of each immigrant group. Additionally, â€Å"Nancy Davis, curator in the division of home and community life, project director and one of the organizers of the exhibition...says the sheer variety in the display shows that history continues to be written† especially in regards to the sections on modern immigration stories (Catlin). During the timeShow MoreRelatedUnited Airlines23407 Words   |  94 PagesAirlines [pic] Prepared By: Presented to: Jeffrey R. Nystrom Management 4500 Business Policy and Strategic Management November 18, 2008 Table of Contents SECTION 1: CASE STUDY 1 1.1 Background / History 1 1.2 Organizational Mission 1 1.3 External Environment 2 1.4 Internal State of Affairs 4 1.5 Generic Strategy 5 1.6 Long-Term Objectives 5 1.7 Grand Strategies 5 1.8 Short-Term Objectives 6 1.9 Functional Tactics 7 1.10

Elementary Education Effectiveness Free Essays

string(330) " Purpose of the Study The following is a detailed investigation into possible explanations of varying degrees of reading achievement found in Mississippi and what can be done to maintain a higher overall proficiency in reading among Mississippi students, while satisfying the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001\." In the State of Mississippi there are 149 school districts; of those districts, one-hundred forty-five are accredited, three are on probation and four are under advisement. Mississippi consists of 437 elementary schools, 178 middle, 184 high schools and sixty combination elementary and secondary schools (MS Dept. of Education, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Elementary Education Effectiveness or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 2002, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was signed, mandating all Title I schools to be held accountable for the success of their students. Under this act; States must define minimum levels of improvement as measured by standardized tests chosen by the state. AYP targets must be set for overall achievement and for subgroups, economically disadvantaged students, limited English proficient (LEP) students and students with disabilities (2001). If a school fails to meet the above mentioned criteria a series of consequences follow. Once a school is labeled â€Å"in need of improvement†, the label remains until improvements are made and the required achievement status is fulfilled for two consecutive years. If the school fails two years consecutively, the consequences become more severe. (Great Schools, 2006) Schools â€Å"in need of improvement† consequences: †¢ After two years of â€Å"in need of improvement† status, transfer options to a non-in need school within the district must be given to students. †¢ Three years of failed AYP the school must provide supplemental services such as tutoring as well as transfer options. †¢ Four consecutive years of failed AYP requires the school to implement one of the following: replace school staff, implement new curriculum, decrease authority of school level administration, appoint outside experts to advise the school, extended school year/day, restructure internal organization of school. This along with transfer and supplemental options. †¢ After five consecutive years of failing AYP the district must plan the restructuring of the school. These plans must include one of the following: reopen school as public charter school, replace all or most staff including principal, enter contract to have outside entity run school or arrange for the state to take over school operations. †¢ Six consecutive years of AYP failure requires implementing the previous years plan (Great Schools, online database). The delta region of Mississippi is considered the poorest areas in the state. It has been called the â€Å"Third World Country in America† (Mississippi Delta Report, 2001). The Mississippi Curriculum Test (MCT) is used to measure student mastery of skills and content for elementary grades two through eight, as outlined in the Mississippi Curriculum Frameworks (MS Dept. of Education, 2003). The Mississippi Board of Education identifies eight priorities necessary for improving student achievement; these priorities are: reading, early literacy, student achievement, leadership, safe/orderly schools, technology, and parent/community involvement (2003). Several strategies have been suggested to improve the performances of Mississippi schools; such as creating a more challenging curriculum, creating smaller classes, and increasing parental involvement (MS Dept. of Education, 2005). In 2002, â€Å"Reading First was passed into law by a bipartisan majority of Congress under the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001† (2002). Mississippi was given an eleven million dollar grant which would be used to: †¦help districts and schools improve student achievement in reading through the application of scientifically based reading research. Reading First will help States, districts and schools apply this research – and the proven instructional and assessment tools consistent with this research – to ensure that all children can read at grade level or above by the end of third grade (2002). Reading First had four priorities which included; 1) raising the caliber and quality of classroom instruction, 2) basing instruction on scientifically proven methods, 3) providing professional training for educators in reading instruction and 4) supplying substantial resources to support the unprecedented initiative. With the passing of this program several techniques have been implemented in the hopes of improving reading performances of Mississippi students. The following study, particularly the literature review will investigate existing strategies and the effectiveness of each. Several theories have been examined over the years in hopes of finding an effective strategy to improve student achievement. The teaching theory used as a basis for this study is the Measurement Theory, this theory represents teaching and achievement based on standardized tests and results. Statement of the Problem Mississippi consists of four-hundred and eighty-six thousand people living in poverty; ten percent of children belong to families that are not able to meet their needs (2005). Recent statistics show that those living in poverty are fifty-one percent African American and approximately forty-seven percent Caucasian (2005). Research has shown that the socioeconomic status of students influence the degree of success they will experience. (Donahue Grigg, 2003) Mississippi has varying degrees of reading proficiency among school districts. In the 2003-2004 school year, six districts, consisting of one elementary school, five middle schools and one high school, were identified as â€Å"in need for improvement†, based on the reading and math proficiency of its students. For the purpose of this study, only schools reflecting a lack in reading proficiency will be discussed. The U. S. Secretary of Education, Margaret Spelling announced in a November 2005 press release, â€Å"Eighty percent of the fastest-growing jobs require at least some post secondary education. Yet far too many students are leaving high school unprepared for college†. Improved student achievement can provide students better preparation for college, thus closing the achievement gap. Low socioeconomic schools, although improving, are still behind the majority of middle-to-upper class schools in America (Donahue Grigg, 2003). There are several factors to consider when looking at closing the achievement gap found in low socioeconomic schools. One factor is that â€Å"young, low-income and minority children are more likely to start school without having gained important school readiness skills, such as recognizing letters and counting† (2003). As Donahue and Grigg’s report showed, when students start school already behind others, they are likely to continue such patterns if not addressed early on. Existing studies demonstrate the problems researchers are having addressing literacy issues early on in a students academic career. Researches are trying to find appropriate strategies to combat the achievement gap with many variables which will be discussed further in detail, in the following study. Purpose of the Study The following is a detailed investigation into possible explanations of varying degrees of reading achievement found in Mississippi and what can be done to maintain a higher overall proficiency in reading among Mississippi students, while satisfying the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. You read "Elementary Education Effectiveness" in category "Papers" Many schools have chosen to implement a â€Å"school-wide approach† to closing the achievement gap; however, when dealing with schools consisting primarily of low-income students, there are other factors to consider when choosing a strategy. The proposed study will focus on improving reading skills in high-poverty schools found in Mississippi by comparing different techniques widely used and creating a more targeted strategy for low-income students. When deciding on an appropriate strategy for improving reading comprehension there are a few factors one must consider. The following questions will outline the factors to be researched in this study. Research Questions 1. What impact does social economic status have on the achievement gaps found in the State of Mississippi? 2. What are the contributing factors found in Mississippi schools that are demonstrating low reading scores among economically disadvantaged students? 3. Are there high-poverty schools in Mississippi which demonstrate positive improvements in reading scores? What are the strategies used? 4. How does implementing Theory into Practice (TIP) encourage positive student achievement in disadvantaged schools? Hypothesis To affectively close low socioeconomic achievement gaps in reading, strong emphasis on establishing proficient reading ability should be made in elementary school. Nature of the Study The research conducted in this study will be an investigation of existing literature regarding techniques used in improving reading skills, exemplary schools demonstrating such techniques and finally, a suggested strategy to use when applying research to low socioeconomic schools with low reading proficiency found in Mississippi school districts. Significance of the Study The significance of this study is that by identifying factors contributing to the achievement gap found in low socioeconomic school districts, as well as investigating into existing programs that have had a positive influence on reading performance scores in other high-poverty schools is that, school administrators and policy makers will have a better basis in which to improve upon existing programs and interventions that would be more financially attainable than starting new programs. The high cost of starting new programs such as; creating new assessment strategies, providing more staff and researchers as well as other costly planning and implementing variables, often times are not practical for low-economic schools. While children of today are growing up in a world where data are being revealed at an alarming rate and knowledge is simply a click away, reading plays an increasingly crucial role in society (Topping Paul, 1999). The ability to read is not only fundamental for understanding and mastery of every school subject students will encounter, but literacy also plays a critical and crucial role in students’ social and economic lives (Snow, Bums, Griffin, 1998). As a result, no other factor will have a greater impact on the success of students in Mississippi than their ability to read. With such an emphasis placed on the importance of reading achievement, educational leaders must clearly articulate the expectation that all students can become successful readers, while providing the most effective strategies and opportunities for students to succeed in reading and adopt lifelong reading practices. (Okpala, et al. , 2001) Definitions of Terms Action Team for Partnership- This partnership is also known as a School Improvement Team or a School Council. Although the ATP members oversee the school’s partnership program, other teachers, parents, students, administrators, and community members also may lead family and community involvement activities (ATP website). Adequate Yearly Progress- AYP requires that schools hold the same high standards for all their students; regardless of racial or ethnic background, socioeconomic status and English proficiency Core Academic Subjects- These subjects include: English, language arts and reading, arts, civics, government and history, mathematics and science, foreign languages, as well as, economics and geography. Elementary School- a nonprofit institution which includes, public school, day or residential school and elementary charter schools which State law mandated elementary education. Family Literacy Services – The services provided to participants on a voluntary basis that foster a positive change in families. These changes include, providing families with interactive activities between parents and child concerning literacy, teaching parents to take an active role in their children’s education, teaching self-sufficiency by providing parental literacy training, and providing education to children which is age-appropriate and prepares them for school and life experiences. Highly Qualified (in reference to public elementary or secondary school teacher) – A highly qualified teacher will possess a State certification for teaching or holds a license to teach in a particular state due to passing the State exam and is employed in a teaching position after meeting all required testing, training and educational requirements satisfactory to the State, district and school regulations. Mentoring- A responsible elder who provides positive leadership and guidance to a child as a positive role model in that child’s life. A mentor mission is to help a child to one day become a responsible adult. Minority- a group of students which do not demonstrate the majority’s characteristics, such as socioeconomic status, ethnic background or other key characteristics. Other Staff- staff found within an institution such as personnel, guidance counselors, and administration and teachers aides. Limitations In her 2005 press release Secretary Spelling said, â€Å"we all hear a lot of stories about why schools are missing Adequate Yearly Progress, but we don’t hear much about how thousands of other schools are making it and closing the achievement gap†. This study is limited by location; its main concentration being primarily on Mississippi schools, programs and outcomes. The primary research method is investigating existing literature, as such; there is substantial literature on the failures of many schools trying to improve student achievement; however there is very little literature depicting success. One other limitation to consider is that this study focuses on reading proficiency; however; to get the most accurate depiction of a schools success is to consider all core academic subjects. Chapter Two The following literature focuses on how schools in the Mississippi School district and nationwide are implementing school improvement plans and closing the achievement gap. In School Improvement and Closing the Achievement Gap Report 2003-2004 the accountability of Mississippi Schools past and present is discussed (2004) and Craig Jerald, author of Dispelling the Myth discusses how nationwide high poverty, high minority schools have high achieving students (2001). Both reports will be discussed here. The researcher wanted to know how many high-poverty and high minority schools nationwide have high student performance. The study used the Education Trust Database to identify certain criteria. Over 4500 schools were analyzed. Each meeting the criteria set and performing well above the expectation (2001). Both papers discuss the achievement gap, more importantly they reported the areas of greatest improvement. The Achievement Gap Report (2004) focused on the Mississippi school districts. It gave an accountability report on those school districts that have been struggling, as well as providing a strategic outline to close the gap. Specific schools were used as models of for improving test scores. Dispelling the Myth (Jerald, 2001) focused on school districts nation wide. Although no reasons for poor school performance were given, the author did state that none of the schools were magnet schools. This report showed that most schools with high poverty, high minority students live in urban areas (2001). However, the more recently published Achievement Gap Report (2004) reported that some of the poorest schools are in rural areas. Dispelling the Myth (2001) looked at specific criteria for the study, whereas, the Achievement Gap Report (2004) did not. Both studies failed to look at specific schools and detail specific strategies used in improving the achievement gap. The Mississippi Achievement Gap Report (2004) plan made suggestions on how schools can improve, but a greater detail is needed to truly understand what each school did to improve scores. Model schools or a model program can be established based on greater research. Socioeconomic Influence Literature regarding reading programs was of most interest for this study. Several scientific journals addressed factors of low socioeconomic status and under achievement. The achievement gap found amongst low-income students was addressed in Education: The State We’re In (Donahue Griggs, 2003). Substantial information was given on the obstacles facing high-poverty youth today. Reading proficiency among elementary school students of low-income families are at a disadvantage (2003). When studying low-income fourth graders, the author found that in 2003, across the nation, only fifteen percent are proficient in reading. The authors also demonstrated that the majority of low-income students read about three grades behind non-poor students (2003). Proficiency differences among races were briefly discussed; Similar disparities exist between white students and students of color; 39% of white 4th graders can read at the proficient level compared to only 12 % of African-American students and 14% of Latinos. Overall, about three in ten fourth graders can read proficiently, and this in itself is cause for concern. (2003) Parental Involvement, Instructional Expenditures, Family Socioeconomic Attributes, and Student Achievement (Okpala, et al, 2001). Parental involvement is a commonly discussed approach to establishing higher student achievement. A study done in North Carolina was based on three factors; (a) Instructional supplies expenditures will affect academic achievement positively; (b) the SES of students in a given school, measured by the percentage of students that participate in free/reduced-price lunch programs, will affect student achievement negatively; and (c) parental involvement that is measured by parental volunteer hours per 100 students will influence student achievement positively. These factors were beneficial in understanding the SES influence on successful reading programs. These factors and the results of this particular study will be investigated further throughout this study. Implementing Change A very brief but informative piece, Evidence from Project Star About Class Size and Student Achievement (Folgers Breda, 1989) addressed three specific questions to ask oneself when considering changing programs. The three questions were; 1) How effective will the change be? 2) How much will it cost and 3) what are the problems of implementation? (1989) All three of these questions were found to be valuable when assessing existing programs, as well as when considering the necessary factors when looking to improve upon them. The Gallup Poll (1989 Survey) was reported to have an overwhelming approval from parents when asked about reducing class size. The problem with this strategy is that â€Å"reducing class size substantially is very costly† (1989). A widely researched program investigated during this study was the Accelerated Reader Program. One report (Melton, et. al. , 2004) demonstrated the uses and results of the AR program. By definition the Accelerated Readers program is â€Å"†¦a learning information system designed to heighten student interest in literature and to help teacher manage literature-based reading (McKnight, 1992). This study was particularly significant because it was conducted in two Jackson, Mississippi elementary schools. There has been extensive coverage of the AR program. A 2004 study compared the reading achievement growth of fifth graders following a year of participation in the AR program with other fifth graders who did not participate. The results demonstrated that students in the AR program actually scored significantly lower than non-participants. Although many studies show little to no benefits from the AR program, the program has provided a few guidelines; such guidelines include, 1) Engage students in large amount of reading practice with authentic material 2) students should read at their own individual reading level, and 3) student incentives such as ribbons or extra recess improves the odds of a students success. By using computer technology, teachers can use the AR program to assess students reading level and invite and motivate students to read material they find interesting (Vollands, et al. , 1999). Students are given a choice of books suited to their particular reading level. Random multiple choice tests are given to test students’ comprehension of the material. In a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Dept. of Education) evaluation, AR programs and other computerized reading programs were reviewed (Chenowith, 2001). The lack of research on evaluated programs ability to produce long-term gains in reading achievement caused the National Institute to determine the AR programs did not meet standards (2001). Common complaints of the AR program include, 1) when the program ended, participating students went back to reading less than before participating 2) the AR program limited the choice of books available to a student because certain books that were not accompanied by an AR test were not valid (Chenowith, 2001) and 3) AR encourages children to read for the wrong reasons, for example to win a prize (Carter, 1996). However, as Chenowith (2001) noted, many parents responded to the latter, that it did not matter why students read, as long as they were in fact reading. Topping and Paul (1999) found that with the proper educator training on the AR program, the odds of successful student achievement with the program will improve. Students already in at risk in reading before the AR program will gain positive results when AR is implemented (Vollands, Topping and Evans, 1999). â€Å"Many elementary schools have adopted programs which encourage authentic reading time and aid in the development of reading skills for life (Melton, et al. , 2004). However, little research has been conducted on individual, less costly programs (2004). When studying the effects of the AR program on African American students and white students in Mississippi, black students scored lower (2004). High School Statistics as a Basis for Increased Beginner Learning Although not the primary focus of this study, it is important to understand the future of elementary students by looking into current graduates predicaments. Over the last twenty years, there have been dramatic increases in high school promotion; as well as, in graduation requirements. Most recently, states and districts, such as Mississippi, have begun implementing graduation and end-of-course exams (Committee for Economic Development, 2000). Some critics have noted that the rise in standards and high-stakes tests will be unfair to students who have attended poorly resourced schools (Achieve, 2000). However, this problem has been met by offering extra help and supportive services to the students of the disadvantaged schools (2001). One of the most common support methods has been to offer disadvantaged students more time; such as summer school, adding an extra year to their high school education and transition programs to ensure students can fulfill high school requirements (2001). Little progress has been made in developing a better curriculum and instructional support to aid in the acceleration of learning for disadvantaged high school (Balfanz, et al. , 2002). Some high schools have implemented a whole school reform by creating catch-up courses and district wide special prep courses (2002). These reforms have not been thoroughly evaluated because their infancy; using small, formative studies, thus little is known about the feasibility and rapidity of student acceleration in disadvantaged high schools. This study aims at taking the first step to in understanding the elementary school learning needs and providing appropriate teaching techniques for each schools situation; by reporting on the initial results and impacts of the Talent Development High Schools (TDHS) ninth grade instructional program in reading and mathematics. The study involves several cities and multiple high-poverty, non-selective high schools within each city. Academic Models of Recognition Piney Woods School in Piney Woods, Mississippi has programs that should be viewed as national models. Although a private school, its strategies for success are practical and successful. The predominantly African American school is known for changing the lives of low-income students by having them â€Å"complete a rigid diet of reading, writing, math, science and foreign language† (Wooster, et al. 2001). While requiring students work ten hours a week in order to teach them responsibility, Piney Woods School gives students a sense of unity and tough love. The programs implemented are; Writing Across the Curriculum, which trains freshman and sophomores’ in basic composition skills; Always Reaching Upward, a peer tutoring program which pairs under achievers with high achievers and Save the Males, a tutoring, mentoring and special male focused groups that facilitate responsibility and self confidence. The results are phenomenal with a ninety five percentage rate of students going on to college after graduation and the other five percent going into military services. Analysis of existing achievement data in high-poverty high schools provides two conclusions. First, students who attend high-poverty high schools are typically performing below national norms and are dramatically short of the performance benchmarks employed to measure academic success. An analysis conducted by Education Week (1998) indicates, for example, that students entering high school in the majority of large cities are often found to be two or more years below grade level (Quality Counts ’98, 1998). In Philadelphia, for instance, seventeen percent of high school students attend one of twenty-two non-selective neighborhood schools (Neild Balfanz, 2001); and approximately half of these students are reading below the fifth or sixth grade level. A quarter of these students are reading at the seventh or eighth grade level. Approximately one in four students attending a nonselective high school in Philadelphia read at grade level. In eight of the non-selective neighborhood schools in Philadelphia, a little over two thirds of first-time ninth graders are performing below the seventh grade level in both reading and mathematics (Neild Balfanz, 2001). One important conclusion that can be drawn from this data is that in many non-selective urban schools students need accelerated learning opportunities. A second conclusion is that the current level of academic performance in disadvantaged high schools can lead to multiple negative consequences for students and society. It is too early to accurately gauge the impact of the high-stakes; standards based graduation tests and dropout rates of students entering high school with weak academic skills (Bishop Mane, 2000; Hauser, 2001). Existing data from metropolitan cities such as Chicago (Roderick Camburn, 1999) and Philadelphia, however, demonstrates a link between poor academic preparation and course failure; as well as the retention of many high-poverty students. Course failure and retention in the ninth grade has caused a high amount of high school drop outs. Forty-three percent of first-time freshmen in Philadelphia entering ninth grade with below seventh grade math and reading skills were not promoted to the tenth grade (Neild Balfanz, 2001); in comparison to the eighteen percent of students entering ninth grade with math and reading skills above the seventh grade level. Student skills below grade level requirements result in retention, poor attendance, and course failure. First-time freshmen who were not promoted to the tenth grade had a dropout rate of nearly sixty percent when compared to a twelve percent drop out rate for students who were promoted (Neild, Stoner-Eby, Furstenberg, 2001). The individual and social consequences of dropping out of high school are considerable. The Committee for Economic Development (2000) has documented the economic returns to advanced education. Non-promotion has become the norm in approximately two hundred-fifty to three hundred high schools, in thirty-five major cities in the United States (Balfanz Legters, 2001). Sixty percent of the population in these public high schools is African American and Latino students in (2001). The United States Department of Education expresses the importance of raising graduation requirements and standards; therefore it is essential to the success of future high school students, that a means of improving reading proficiency is achieved. Contributing Factors to Student Achievement In 2001, the No Child Left Behind Act placed even stronger responsibility on states to raise student performance. As a result of these accountability standards, states must now administer standardized tests to â€Å"measure adequate yearly progress† of all students (2001). They face costly federal mandates and must submit comprehensive plans. The federal law also focuses on narrowing the achievement gap between races. It requires that states monitor the performance of racial and economic subgroups and undertake corrective action in failing schools (Wong, 2004). †¦states are implementing policies that provide incentives to attract and retain teachers and increase student performance. Incentives are helping states recruit new teachers into the work force, attract persons from outside education, retain teachers in the classroom and support accountability programs that focus on school-by-school efforts to boost student achievement (Cornett and Gaines, 2002). Researchers examining student performance consistently find that one of the most important influences on student achievement is socioeconomic status (SES) of students. These findings give little comfort to educators in economically disadvantaged schools who are facing heavy pressure to improve performance and close the gap between minority and white students. Yet Verstegen and King (1998) claim that a growing body of research is using better databases and more sophisticated methodological strategies to provide evidence that school policies can make a positive difference in student outcomes. They also emphasize that resource patterns that optimize performance in one setting do not necessary work in others. Encouraged by this line of thinking, the researcher will investigate factors that may explain the differences in performances in schools that share a common socioeconomic context. Are there choices made by policymakers and administrators in economically disadvantaged schools that spark significant improvements in performance in these schools? In this study, the researcher will assume the significance of SES or â€Å"input† factors in explaining achievement, and the researcher considers the impact of other factors over which schools have some control. Impact of Process Variables Although the statistical models will include measures for SES (percent of economically disadvantaged students and percent white students), the focus will be on process variables. The latter include those variables that school systems more or less control. The researcher categorizes these variables into three general areas: 1) school class size 2) school policies and 3) proven effective programs to increase student reading proficiency. One of the most controversial characteristics of schools is the amount of students per teacher (FTE). Production function research on the effects of school size has been inconclusive, and both sides have their advocates. Supporters of small schools contend that students get more attention, school governance is simpler, and teachers and administrators are more accessible to parents. Noguera (2002) states that in high schools where the majority of low-income students of color are achieving at high levels the one common characteristic is the small size of the schools. Lee and Burkam found that students are less likely to drop out of schools with fewer than 1,500 students (2003). However, others argue that large schools are able to offer students a wider range of educational offerings and services (â€Å"Still Stumped,† 2002). Recent research indicates that the effects of school size may depend on the SES of students. Findings show consistently that the relationship between achievement and socioeconomic status was substantially weaker in smaller schools than larger schools, that is, students from impoverished communities are much more likely to benefit from smaller schools. On the other hand, a positive relationship exists between larger schools and the output measures of affluent students (Lee and Smith, 1996; Howley and Bickel, 1999). Because this study will examine the performance of economically disadvantaged students, the researcher expects to find a negative relationship between school size and achievement scores. That is, the larger the school, the less likely students are to achieve on standardized tests. The relationship between class size and positive student achievement is another relationship that has been closely studied. In 2000, Congress allocated $1. 3 billion for class size reduction as a provision of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) (Johnson, 2002). Most of the studies that examine the effect of class size on student performance have focused on primary schools. One of the largest and most scientifically rigorous experiments was the 1985, Tennessee’s Student Achievement Ratio (STAR) study. The STAR project provides compelling evidence that smaller classes can improve student achievement, especially in primary schools, which could have lasting effects (1985). The four year longitudinal study focused on classes in Tennessee and consisted of grades kindergarten through third. Classes of thirteen to seventeen students were compared to classes of twenty-two to twenty-six students; of the total classes, some had just one teacher and some had a teacher and aid. Phase one included over three hundred classes and a total of 6500 students (1985). The result after four years was positive support for the reduction of classroom sizes which proved to have positive effects on student achievement. Some critics have pointed out the limitations of project STAR (Vinson, 2002). A couple of limitations listed in a report by Tony Vinson in 2002 were: 1) limiting sample of certain cultural groups 2) schools volunteered to participate in the study, suggesting they had motivation to use innovative teaching practices. In 1996, Mostellar, a statistician, reported; â€Å"the Tennessee Class Size study demonstrates convincingly that student achievement is better in small K-3 classes and the effect continues later in regular-sized classes (1996). In a follow-up study, Nye, Hedges and Kontantopoulos (1999) found that students of smaller class size continued showing significant advantages over students of regular-sized classes, throughout school, to graduation. These students demonstrated higher grades, took more challenging classes, had better graduation rates and were more likely to go on to college (Vinson, 2002). Wisconsin’s Student Achievement Guarantee in Education (Vinson, 2002), began in the 1996-1997 school year and was expanded in 1998-1999 and again in 2000-2001 (Wisconsin Dept. of Public Instruction). The objective of the program is to improve student achievement through the implementation of four school improvement strategies: class sizes no more than 15:1 in grades K-3; increased collaboration between schools and their communities; implementation of a rigorous curriculum focusing on academic achievement; and improving professional development and staff evaluation practices. Schools in SAGE have renewable 5-year contracts with the state and get state aid equal to $2,000 for each low-income child in the grades served by the program. During 2005-06 495 schools participated in SAGE (up from 30 when the program began). Just over 93,000 K-3 pupils were served. State funding, which was $4. 5 M in 96-97 will be $98. 6 M in 2006-07. A few districts are also benefiting from a state categorical aid program created in 1999 to help schools pay debt service on the cost of new classrooms built to accommodate SAGE (DPI). The SAGE program in partnership with John Hopkins University of Baltimore Maryland, invites, states or districts to become members in improving the student achievement in the potential members’ schools. Through the National Network of Partnership Schools, SAGE and others in the network will work states, districts and other educational organization members to form an Action Team for Partnership plan. Members follow the Six Types of Involvement format (NNPS online). Five years of NNPS surveys and result focused studies on member schools’ progress has been reported (2005). NNPS uses research results to develop practical tools, materials, and guidelines for schools and school districts. Presently, over 1000 schools, 100 districts, and 17 state departments of education are working with NNPS to use research-based approaches to establish and strengthen their programs of school, family, and community partnerships (2005). It is suggested that incorporating the following elements create better programs and outreaching to parents of the students and increased parental involvement (2005). 1. Leadership 2. Teamwork 3. Action plans 4. Implementation of plans 5. Funding 6. Collegial support 7. Evaluation 8. Networking Results from longitudinal studies showed that â€Å" a review of literature on family involvement with students on reading, indicated that, across the grades, subject specific interventions to involve families in reading and related language arts, positively affected students’ reading skills and scores (Sheldon Epstein, 2005b). The original SAGE pilot program research involved participants of which fifty percent were below the poverty level (Vinson, 2002). Participating classes were reduced from average size to fifteen students per teacher. An evaluation by Molinar, Smith and Zahorik (1999) revealed that the first grade SAGE students demonstrated higher achievement when compared to nonparticipating schools in both language arts and math. Second and third graders were reported to follow the same pattern. The third study to be reviewed is the Prime Time (1984) project in Indiana. This was originally planned to be a two year project started in 1984 but it had such promising results that by 1988 all k-3 classes were reduced in Indiana. The average FTE was eighteen. In 1989, McGivern, Gilman and Tillitski compared samples of achievement levels of second graders from six districts with reduced class sizes and three districts that were not reduced and found significantly larger gains in reading and math among students of smaller classes. As with project STAR, SAGE has suffered criticism. Limitations mentioned were that â€Å"students were not assigned to experimental control groups on a random basis†, and that school policies were changed and implemented during the course of the study (Vinson, 2002). A widely criticized factor was the use of teacher incentives to motivate small classroom achievement. As mentioned previously, opinions on class size vary. Over the years several researchers have analyzed studies and evaluated the effectiveness of each. Glass and Smith (1979) found after analyzing seventy-seven empirical studies on class size versus student achievement, that small classes were associated with higher achievement at all grade levels. For greatest results in student achievement, students should attend small classes for over one-hundred hours (1979), with under twenty students. Small classes are beneficial because of 1) better student reaction 2) teacher morale and 3) quality of the teaching environment (Vinson, 2002). In a review of one-hundred relevant studies, small classes had been the most beneficial, during kindergarten and third grade, but only if teachers change their methods and procedures (Robinson and Wittebols, 1986). Slavin’s (1990) research of empirical studies, were chosen for analysis based on a three part criteria; 1) class size had been reduced for at least one year 2) twenty students were compared to substantially larger class sizes and 3) students in both class sizes were comparable (1990). Contrary to previously mentioned researchers, Slavin believed that smaller class size had minimal positive effects on students and those effects did not continue once students were returned to normal, larger classes (1990). A highly published researcher, Eric Hanushek has voiced his opposition to small classes benefiting student achievement since the mid-1980s. In all his reviews of class size studies, he’s always concluded that; â€Å"The evidence about improvements in student achievement that can be attributed to smaller classes turns out to be meager and unconvincing (Vinson, 2002)†. Johnson (2000), citing a study at the Heritage Foundation examining National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading data, asserted that the difference in reading assessment scores between students in small classes and students in large classes was insignificant. He criticized class size reduction programs citing California as example of how such programs exacerbate the problem of lack of qualified teachers to fill classrooms. His claim of the lack of association between class size and performance was consistent with Hanushek’s conclusions (1999). Studies of the effects of class size in secondary schools are much more rare and largely equivocal (Deutsch 2003; Grissmer 1999). Many of those who advocate for smaller class sizes at the secondary level argue that small classes positively impact the school environment, thus, improving performance indirectly. In her review of the literature of class size and secondary schools, Deutsch (2003) highlights studies that conclude small classes stimulate student engagement, allow more innovative instructional strategies, increase teacher-student interactions, reduce the amount of time teachers devote to discipline, improve teacher morale, and minimize feelings of isolation and alienation in adolescence that can come from anonymity. Another important process variable the researcher will investigate is the effects of school policy on student achievement. An influential policy becoming common in schools is that of parental support and teacher incentives. As with the other factors in this model, conclusions about the effects of both on student performance has been mixed, but recent studies seem to point to more positive correlations, particularly teacher experience (Hedges, Lane, and Greenwald 1994). Mississippi’s Department of Education’s Schools and Parents Partnering for Student Success is a brochure given to the parents of Mississippi public school students to educate them on what level of proficiency their child should be on in an attempt to form a relationship between school and home. Strategies for improving student achievement according to Mississippi’s School Improvement and Closing the Achievement Gap Report 2003-2004 include: †¢ Strong parental involvement †¢ Community and church support †¢ Various reform models aligned to state curriculum †¢ Dedicated teachers †¢ Structured teaching †¢ Thinking maps †¢ Stable staff †¢ Comprehensive systems to monitor student progress †¢ Aligned curriculum, assessment, and instruction †¢ Peer coaches †¢ Instructional time that is increased (2004) As the reader will notice, the majority of these strategies incorporate relationships between the school and outside sources for example parental and community involvement. These strategies were created by schools in Mississippi demonstrating high student achievement. Finally, the researcher will also examine the effects of global resources, that is, per pupil expenditure (PPE), on the impact of performance. In their review of production function research, Verstegen and King cite Hedges, Laine, and Greenwald’s assertion (1994) that â€Å"Global resource variables such as PPE, show positive, strong, and consistent relations with achievement† (1995, 57-58). However, other studies fail to yield significant results (Chubb and Moe 1990; Okpala 2002). Tajalli, in his examination of the wealth equalization or â€Å"Robin Hood† program in Texas, found that the transfer of nearly $3. 4 billion of dollars to poor school districts did not have a significant impact on the improvement of performance in these districts (Tajalli, 2003). It may be that expenditures in general have an indirect effect that is not apparent when using PPE as a direct measure. In his study of school spending Wenglinsky (1997) develops a â€Å"path† in which he concludes a school’s economic resources are associated with academic achievement. He posits that per-pupil expenditures on instruction and central office administration are positively related to class size, i. e. , more spending on smaller classes. Smaller teacher/student ratios contribute to a cohesive school environment, which enhances achievement. Chapter Three Description of Methodology This study is a comparative analysis of eight Mississippi elementary schools from seven school districts; two K-2, two K-3 and four K-5. Factors analyzed were the students to teacher ratio (FTE), socioeconomic status (SES), and student ethnicity, and comparison MCT scores. At first a total of twenty schools were randomly chosen from different districts. The researcher then chose eight schools of conflicting SES percentages. It is a comparative study using the case analysis method; since it attempts to compare school factors influencing student performance. Using the Mississippi Academic Excellence Indicator System (AEIS) data, the researcher will examine these variables to determine the elements that can impact success or failure of public school campuses. The measure of performance is the standardized test given in 2005 to students in Mississippi public schools, the MCT. The researcher focused the study on Mississippi elementary schools that are predominantly populated by students who come from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. The socioeconomic status was based on the percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunches. The teaching theory used as a basis for this study is the Measurement Theory, this theory represents teaching and achievement based on standardized tests and results. Validity and Reliability The MCT scores are provided by the Mississippi Department of Education, and the demographics of each school were provided by the NCES found on the greatschools. com database. Twenty schools were chosen by random; then eight were chosen for analysis based on conflicting SES factors in order to get realistic insight as to the influence of student success factors on each school size. This study has limitations due to the fact that it is based on MCT scores which can be deceiving. These tests have been criticized by researchers because they do not portray a student’s overall understanding of a subject and do not allow for different learning abilities and styles. It is because of this limitation that further study should be conducted on the achievement levels of students based on different approaches to classroom learning. Sample and Population Three samples were used for this study. Sample one consisted of two schools serving grades K-2; each school was from a different district. Sample two consisted of two schools which served K-3 and were from two separate districts. Finally, the third sample consisted of four K-5 schools, from two different districts. Overall, seven districts and eight schools of different sizes in the state of Mississippi were compared. The study specifically seeks to identify variables in low performing schools that could hinder them from improving performance. In order to provide an accurate study, the researcher took samples from different sized schools with different student demographics. Implementation Research was conducted by recording data for each school for a side-by-side comparison of different factors (see Appendix). All factors were found through greatschools. com, which summarizes each school’s characteristics for easy research. All school samples were then analyzed for the reading achievement average. Based on the average, the researcher then examined the achievement factors; determining whether there was a trend between any of the achievement factors and the MCT results of the chosen school samples. Factors compared during analysis were; socioeconomic status (SES), student-per-teacher ratios (FTE), and the percentage of nonwhite students. The MCT scores for 2005 were used as an indicator of overall reading proficiency of the chosen school. In order to determine whether a variable was a consistent influence on the MCT scores, three consecutive years of MCT scores from 2003-2005 were analyzed. The overall study aimed to discover a consistent pattern between a variable, such as SES or FTE, and the level of reading proficiency. Data Analysis Two of the three samples were consistent with the researcher’s hypothesis that SES is a strong influence on reading proficiency. Sample 1 however was uncharacteristic of the other two. In Sample 1, both schools demonstrated above the state average in MCT reading scores, however, the school with the highest SES percentage actually did better. This is uncharacteristic since Sample 2 and Sample 3 demonstrated a trend in high SES and low MCT scores for three consecutive years. As discussed in chapter two, the literature review, the influence of class size on student achievement has been an on going debate among researchers. For this reason, the researcher included student-per-teacher ratios as a sample variable. The researcher had expected to see some evidence of FTE influence reflected in the MCT scores; however, that was not the case. According to the data collected, the FTE of all three samples ranged between fifteen and seventeen, with the state average being fifteen. The results demonstrated no reoccurring trend between FTE and MCT scores. Sample 1 schools demonstrated varying above average MCT scores and the same FTE of seventeen. In Sample 2, School 1A demonstrated a below average MCT score with a FTE of fifteen; however, 2B had higher test scores and a higher FTE. In Sample 3, all but one of the schools had a FTE of Seventeen, 3B demonstrated a FTE of fifteen and a below average MCT score. School 4B had below average MCT scores but a FTE of seventeen, like the remaining two schools with higher MCT scores. Between all three samples, there was no reoccurring trend between MCT scores and FTE. The researcher had expected student ethnicity to play a large role in student achievement levels, however based on this studies samples, there was little proof that such a trend existed. As demonstrated in Appendix A through C, schools demonstrating low achievement scores varied in the percentage of nonwhite students. The same variations were found in schools with high achievement scores. Overall, the only achievement factor that demonstrated a trend was the socioeconomic status factor. SES as a factor of achievement was present in Samples 2 and 3, but seemed irrelevant in Sample 1. Based on the results and the uncharacteristic trends found in Sample 1, the researcher feels that the quality of the curriculum and teaching strategies had an influence of the high achievement levels found in Sample 1. The researcher feels strongly that SES is an influential factor on the reading achievement of elementary students in Mississippi. It must be noted however, the influence of SES can be minimized with the proper curriculum and learning strategies. MCT scores give educators insight into the overall achievement levels of students, and should be used as an indicator of what type of teaching strategy should be used. There are numerous ways to improve student achievement. Educators and school administrators must be aware of the learning abilities and potentials of students and gear curriculum and teaching strategies towards the needs of the students. References Achieve (2001). Standards: How high is enough? Achieve Policy Brief, 3. Washington, DC: Author. Allen, J. (2001). 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The Woman’s Renaissance Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Woman’s Renaissance Analysis Essay To What Extent And In What Ways Did Women Participate In The Renaissance? Thesis: Women off higher social and economic status had a broader range of opportunities such as reading, writing, and art, but were still expected to do household chores, while women of a lower class were bound even more strictly to their domestic responsibilities. General Info ; Household chores came first (Cooking, cleaning, sewing, etc. ; If a woman did not array, she would enter a convent or live with relatives ; Women would never live alone or be economically self sufficient ; Applied to all social classes Upper Class ; More opportunities were available, but women were still very suppressed ; Mastered multiple languages, wrote, painted etc. Were still expected to do chores despite having servants ; Education was available but limited Patronized the arts when possible Middle/ Lower Class Chores/children came first We will write a custom essay on The Woman’s Renaissance Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Had to work alongside their husbands at their Jobs Women were not allowed to be outspoken or express themselves in any way ; The only education they received was on how to be a good wife and mother Examples ; Isabella detest (1474-1539) Italian renaissance woman ; Marguerite De Invader (1492-1549) wrote poetry and ruled Spain with her brother Francis I ; Catherine De Medici (1519-1589) Major political force, patron of the arts, well educated from a young age Topic Sentences 1. While upper class women had domestic duties, they were able to enjoy in a few limited opportunities like education and the arts. 2. The expectations for women of lower classes were primarily to serve traditional household roles, such as chores, rearing children, and often working with their husbands. 3. While upper class women had special opportunities, and lower class women had certain obligations, they both put household chores before any other luxuries or responsibilities. The Womans Renaissance By gallop